The CS Howitzer

I have a fondness for Civil War artillery pieces.  I don't know what it is that draws my attention.  For the most part, they all look alike.  Typically, there are two wheels, supporting a carriage upon which the barrel, or tube, is mounted.  

The best place to view Civil War artillery pieces is at our national military parks. Cannon in private collections are few and far between.  Cannon at national military parks are readily found dotting the battlefields on the ground where artillery units  served. 

CS battery site, Bragg's Headquarters, Missionary a Ridge, Tennessee

Up close, it is easy to distinguish the differences between field pieces.  There are smoothbore guns made of bronze, iron barreled rifles, rifles bearing a reinforcing band in the breach (Parrott rifles), squat mortars, large siege guns and rifles and coastal artillery of all sorts.  As securing ownership of an original field piece is incredibly difficult given the relative scarcity, not to mention quite expensive, we are fortunate that these artillery pieces are in our national parks for the public benefit.  

CS Battery site, Lookout Mountain, Tennessee

Union battery site, Chickamauga National Military Park.

Union battery site, Grant's final line of defense, Shiloh National Military Park, Tennessee. 

Union battery site, South Loop, Vicksburg National Military Park, Mississippi. 

I recently traveled to Chattanooga, Tennessee with a  good friend to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Chickamauga.  In front of the Visitors' Center, I found an array of field pieces including a short barreled howitzer.  Obsolete by the time of its manufacture, this 12 pound smoothbore gun (based upon the weight of its ammunition) was poured at Richmond, Virginia's Tredegar Iron Works in 1862.  

Founded in 1837, Tredegar rose to become a large metal goods manufacturing center by 1860.  During the war, Tredgar manufactured metal goods ranging from artillery tubes to ironclad warship armour for the Confederacy. 

The foundry's wartime director, Joseph Reid Anderson, acquired the facility in 1854. The mark of his company, Joseph Reid Anderson & Co., is found on the trunnions of Tredegar tubes as "J.R.A. & Co."   Such mark is found on the Chickamauga howitzer -  if only my picture had turned out!

As opposed to long tube rifles that soon projectiles on a flat trajectory towards a target, howitzers are short barreled, smoothbore guns that lob projectiles high into the air.  They are effective weapons for sending shells (artillery rounds that explode above the target and scattering shrapnel) high into the air and grape or canister (shotgun shells for artillery that pour metal balls or scrap metal into the enemies ranks) into massed infantry and cavalry. Howitzers and other smoothbore were well suited for battlefields such as Chickamauga which are marked by wooded terrain separating open fields. 

There were other southern foundry's manufacturing cannon during the war.  Cannon are found at national parks marked to manufacturers from cities such as Memphis, New Orleans and Atlanta.  I have even seen  an artillery piece at Five Forks, Virginia, marked to a foundry in Vicksburg, Mississippi.  While northern made  cannon existing today greatly outnumber the southern made counterparts, I applaud the National Park Service for placing Confederate guns and rifles at places where Confederate batteries were in action.  The dedication to historical accuracy is impressive. 

What of Tredegar Iron Works?  Richmond suffered during the late war years and the once third largest American metal foundry suffered damage as well.  Its remains, however, preserved as a historic site which offers a glimpse into 19th century technology and wartime manufacturing. 

German World War One Helmets.

  

The First World War brought about many changes in the world.  The conflict not only gave rise to social and political change, but also ushered in a new era of military tactics and trends.   For the first time in history, aircraft fought above the battlefield, strafed ground troops and engaged in strategic bombing.   Armored vehicles were utilized to break through fixed fortifications. Massed machine guns and chemical warfare inflicted horrific wounds on hundred of thousands.  

Gone were the bright uniform colors and braid. British crimson, Prussian light blue, Russian green and French dark blue were replaced by olive drab, field grey, khaki and dark green hidden at times by thick mud and dust.   Protection and concealment became more important than prompt and tradition.   While nations commenced the war wearing traditional 19th century non-protective headgear, by the end of the conflict most nations had re-equipped with steel helmets.  The Germans (Austrians and Prussians) were no exception. 

Prussian and Austrian troops were initially fitted with traditional spiked helmets made of leather and metal.  The picklehaub, as it is known, is a favorite of helmet and WW I collectors.  

 The frontal plates of these highly decorative helmets typically bear monarchical coats of arms, regional badges or regimental designations. 

Infantry helmets typically bear a spike as depicted above.  Artillery helmets are topped with a raised ball.

 

Cavalry helmets often bear flattop ornaments reminiscent of the Polish four cornered czapka -- a traditional lancer headgear. 

 In the field, the highly decorative headgear was covered by a protective and camouflaging cloth. 

While the picklehaub is certainly eye appealing, it lacks protective value.   Thus enter the stahlhelm, or steel helmet.   Officially  designated the m1916 helmet, the stahlhelm provided the soldat with excellent head and neck protection necessitated by the new age of warfare. So iconic is the helmets form that the 20th century German soldier is instantly recognized by the stahlhelm. 

The WW I helmet differs from its later WW II cousin, the m1932 and the collector should be familiar with the differences between the two (and later models).   The earlier helmet, which saw some WW II use, has a much higher crown and is easily recognized by a set of prominent lugs on both sides.  The lugs provided an attachment point for and additional frontal  shield of armour for snipers.   

Notice that the silhouette of the 1916 helmet  depicted above is much higher than the 1932 depicted below. 

 

1916 helmets are found with regimental designations painted on them.  However, my favorites bear hand painted camouflage.  Field applied camouflage reminds the collector that someone used this helmet for protection and raises questions about the battles at which the helmet might have been present. 

On the market, the picklehaub is a pricey item to obtain. Reproductions are plenty so be very careful. The m1916 is still quite affordable as  WW I collecting is not as popular as that of the Third Reich.  The price of a Third Reich helmet is significantly greater than that of a WW I example. There are m1916 reproductions on the market   Also, there are original helmets with modern day camouflage applied. As some camouflage was done years ago by well intentioned reenactors, it has aged with time and bears the scratches and marks of field use.  Again, be careful.   As with any militaria object, pieces identified to particular soldiers attain the highest prices followed by those that are unit identified and camouflaged.  Still, a nice camouflaged m1916 is still quite affordable - relatively speaking.